Green synthesis and characterization of <i>Ramalina farinacea</i>-mediated Ag-MgO nanocomposites: comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in HeLa and L929 cells
CHEMICAL PAPERS, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11696-026-05656-x
- Dergi Adı: CHEMICAL PAPERS
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Aerospace Database, Chemical Abstracts Core, Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Kayseri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Silver-based metal oxide nanocomposites synthesized through green approaches have attracted increasing interest for biomedical applications. Lichen-mediated synthesis offers a biologically derived strategy for nanomaterial production; however, the biological effects of Ramalina farinacea-mediated Ag-MgO nanocomposites remain insufficiently explored. In this study, Ag-MgO nanocomposites were biosynthesized using Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. extract as a natural reducing and capping agent and characterized using complementary physicochemical techniques. The synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a broad absorption band centered at approximately 410 nm, an estimated direct optical band gap of 3.34 eV, hydrodynamic particle sizes of 80-120 nm, and a zeta potential of -18.1 mV. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed particle sizes of 6.29-27.33 nm, with a mean diameter of 13.91 +/- 5.08 nm. Cytotoxicity of the R. farinacea methanolic extract and Ag-MgO nanocomposites was evaluated in HeLa cervical cancer and L929 fibroblast cells. The nanocomposites showed greater cytotoxic activity than the extract, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 13.92 and 19.44 & micro;g/mL in HeLa and L929 cells, respectively, compared with 18.05 and 25.54 & micro;g/mL for the extract. The corresponding selectivity indices were 1.40 and 1.41, indicating only modest differential sensitivity. The alkaline comet assay showed concentration-dependent increases in tail DNA, tail length, and tail moment in both cell lines, with numerically greater responses in HeLa cells. Overall, R. farinacea-mediated Ag-MgO nanocomposites exhibited greater cytotoxic activity than the lichen extract but limited cancer-cell selectivity, supporting further mechanistic and biosafety investigations.